Query plan execution engine

ABSTRACT

In some aspects, there is provided a method for database query execution planning. In some aspects, a method may include receiving, at a database execution engine, a query; generating, by the database execution engine, a query algebra for the query, the query algebra optimized by a query optimizer at the database execution engine; generating, based on the optimized query algebra, a query plan for execution, the query plan including pre-compiled code and code generated just-in-time; and executing, by the database execution engine, at least part of the query plan including pre-compiled code and code generated just-in-time. Related systems, methods, and articles of manufacture are also described.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The subject matter described herein relates to database management, and more particularly, query execution planning.

BACKGROUND

Database management systems have become an integral part of many computer systems. For example, some systems handle hundreds if not thousands of transactions per second. On the other hand, some systems perform very complex multidimensional analysis on data. In both cases, the underlying database may need to handle responses to queries very quickly in order to satisfy systems requirements with respect to transaction time. Given the complexity of these queries and/or their volume, the underlying databases face challenges in order to optimize performance.

SUMMARY

In one aspect, a method, computer program product and system are provided for query execution planning.

In some aspects, there may be provided a method, which may include receiving, at a database execution engine, a query; generating, by the database execution engine, a query algebra for the query, the query algebra optimized by a query optimizer at the database execution engine; generating, based on the optimized query algebra, a query plan for execution, the query plan including pre-compiled code and code generated just-in-time; and executing, by the database execution engine, at least part of the query plan including pre-compiled code and code generated just-in-time.

In some variations, the operations can further include one or more features disclosed herein including the following. The query optimizer may select, as part of query optimization, the pre-compiled code from a plurality of pre-compiled code. The query optimizer may select the pre-compiled code based on a class of an operator in the query algebra. The code generated just-in-time may be compiled in response to receiving the query, the code generated by a compiler at the database execution engine. The query algebra may be organized into a hierarchical plan of operators to identifying a plurality of paths within the hierarchical plan, the plurality of paths enabling pipelining of the execution. Each path may include an endpoint operator that lies within another path and/or is shared between two paths. One or more chunks of data may be pushed up a first path to accumulate results at an endpoint. One or more chunks of data may be pushed up a second path to generate output results based on the accumulated results from the first path. The query optimizer may insert adapter code into the query plan, the adapter code configured to decompose data chunks. The database execution engine may call a table adapter to prepare at least one table object to enable access, during runtime, to at least one table, and may receive the at least one table object prepared by the table adapter. The query may be received from an application separate from the database execution engine. The query plan may be optimized by the database execution The database execution engine may further include a query execution engine configured to execute at least part of the query plan including the pre-compiled code and the code generated just-in-time.

Implementations of the current subject matter can include systems and methods consistent with the present description, including one or more features as described, as well as articles that comprise a tangibly embodied machine-readable medium operable to cause one or more machines (e.g., computers, etc.) to result in operations described herein. Similarly, computer systems are also described that may include one or more processors and one or more memories coupled to the one or more processors. A memory, which can include a computer-readable storage medium, may include, encode, store, or the like one or more programs that cause one or more processors to perform one or more of the operations described herein. Computer implemented methods consistent with one or more implementations of the current subject matter can be implemented by one or more data processors residing in a single computing system or multiple computing systems. Such multiple computing systems can be connected and can exchange data and/or commands or other instructions or the like via one or more connections, including but not limited to a connection over a network (e.g. the Internet, a wireless wide area network, a local area network, a wide area network, a wired network, or the like), via a direct connection between one or more of the multiple computing systems, etc.

The details of one or more variations of the subject matter described herein are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features and advantages of the subject matter described herein will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. While certain features of the currently disclosed subject matter are described for illustrative purposes in relation to an enterprise resource software system or other business software solution or architecture, it should be readily understood that such features are not intended to be limiting. The claims that follow this disclosure are intended to define the scope of the protected subject matter.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, show certain aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein and, together with the description, help explain some of the principles associated with the disclosed implementations. In the drawings,

FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram for a system, in accordance with some example embodiments;

FIG. 2A depicts another block diagram for a system, in accordance with some example embodiments;

FIG. 2B depicts an example of 2 table adapters mapped to two tables, in accordance with some example embodiments;

FIG. 2C depicts an example implementation of a table adapter, in accordance with some example embodiments; and

FIG. 3 depicts an example of a process for table adaption, in accordance with some example embodiments.

When practical, similar reference numbers denote similar structures, features, or elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Database management systems and operations performed on the data managed by a database management system have become increasingly complex. For example, a database management systems (or database for short) can support relatively complex online analytical processing (OLAP, which can perform multi-dimensional analysis) to more straightforward transaction based online transaction processing (OLTP). Moreover, the database may be configured as a row-store database or column store database, each of which may have certain aspects with respect to queries and other operations at the database. For example, the database may encode data using dictionaries, while some databases may not. In addition to these various databases layer differences, the queries performed at a database can comprise a complex sequence of operations in order to generate corresponding responses. To implement the complex sequence, a query execution plan (or query plan for short) may be implemented. The query plan represents a sequence of operations, such as instructions, commands, and/or the like, to access data in the database. The database may also include a query plan optimizer to determine an efficient way to execute the query plan.

From an application or client perspective, it can be extremely cumbersome to access databases. For example, an application may need to query different types of databases using complex queries. As a consequence, the application layer in this example would need to be configured to handle the various types of databases and the various query types. Additionally or alternatively, each database may need to process queries from the application into a format and structure that can be handled by the given database. Pushing complex operations and support for a variety of different database types to the application layer may contravene the need to have relatively lighter weight and/or readily deployable applications. On the other hand, pushing complex operations to the database layer where data is stored may draw processing and/or memory resources at the database and may thus reduce the performance and response times for queries on that database layer.

In some example embodiments, there may be provided an execution engine that may decouple the higher-level, application layer from the database layer (e.g., the persistence or storage layer where data including database tables may be stored and/or queried using instructions, such as commands and/or the like). The execution engine may be implemented separately from the database layer and/or the application layer. Furthermore, the execution engine may be configured to receive a query, generate a query plan (including for example query algebra), optimize the query plan, and/or generate executable code, which may compiled for execution at runtime. The executable code may include pre-compiled code (which can be selected for certain operations in the query plan) and/or code that is generated just-in-time specifically for execution of the query plan.

The execution engine may be configured to perform some operations itself, while the execution engine may send some operations (e.g., relatively basic commands, such as reads, writes, scans, and/or the like) to the database layer. Furthermore, the execution engine may receive corresponding responses from the database layer where data is stored/persisted and certain commands, such as reads, writes, scans, and/or the like, can be performed. The execution engine may perform more complex execution operations, such as rule-based operations including relatively more complex operations such as joins, projections, and/or the like, while accessing the database's storage/persistence layer when needed to read, write, update, and/or perform other operations.

The execution engine may be configured to support a wide range of database types to reduce, if not eliminate, the need for specialized execution engines for each type of database. For example, rather than having an execution engine for each type of database (e.g., an execution engine for an OLAP database, another execution engine for an OLTP database, an execution engine for a row-store database, an execution engine for a column-store database, and/or the like), the execution engine disclosed herein can perform query execution for a variety of database types and send queries to the different types of database layers (and/or their storage/persistence layer) and handle the corresponding responses.

FIG. 1 depicts an example of a system 100, in accordance with some example implementations.

The system 100 may include one or more user equipment 102A-N, such as a computer, a smart phone, a tablet, an Internet of Things (IoT) device, and/or other computer or processor-based devices. The user equipment may include a user interface, such as a browser or other application to enable access to one or more applications, database layer(s), and/or databases, to generate queries to one or more databases 190A-N, and/or to receive responses to those queries.

In the example of FIG. 1, the databases 190A represent the database layer of a database management system where data may be persisted and/or stored in a structured way, and where the data can be queried or operated on using operations including SQL commands or other types of commands/instructions to provide reads, writes, and/or perform other operations. To illustrate by way of an example, user equipment 102A-N may send a query via an execution engine 150 to the database layer 190A-B, which may represent a persistence and/or storage layer where database tables may be stored and/or queried. The query may be sent via a connection, such as a wired and/or wireless connection (e.g., the Internet, cellular links, WiFi links, and/or the like).

The database execution engine 150 may include a query optimizer 110, such as a SQL optimizer and/or another type of optimizer, to receive at least one query from a user equipment and generate a query plan (which may be optimized) for execution by the execution engine 112. The query optimizer 110 may receive a request, such as a query, and then form or propose an optimized query plan. The query plan (which may be optimized) may be represented as a so-called “query algebra” or “relational algebra.”

For example, SELECT Columns from Table A and Table B, and perform an INNER JOIN on Tables A and B may represent a query received by the database execution engine 150 including the query optimizer 110. There may be several ways of implementing execution of this query. As such, the query plan may offer hints or propose an optimum query plan with respect to the execution time of the overall query. To optimize a query, the query plan optimizer 110 may obtain one or more costs for the different ways the execution of the query plan can be performed. The costs may be obtained via the execution interface 112A from a cost function 114, which responds to the query optimizer 110 with the cost(s) for a given query plan (or portion thereof), and these costs may be in terms of execution time at the database layer 190A-N, for example.

The query optimizer 110 may form an optimum query plan, which may represent a query algebra, as noted above. To compile a query plan, the query optimizer 110 may provide the query plan to the query plan compiler 116 to enable compilation of some, if not all, of the query plan. The query plan compiler 116 may compile the optimized query algebra into operations, such as program code and/or any other type of command, operation, object, or instruction. This code may include pre-compiled code (which can be pre-compiled and stored, and then selected for certain operations in the query plan) and/or just-in-time code generated specifically for execution of the query plan. For example, plan compiler may select pre-compiled code for a given operation as part of the optimization of the query plan, while for another operation in the query plan the plan compiler may allow a compiler to generate the code. The pre-compiled code and generated code represent code for executing the query plan, and this code may be provided to the plan generator 118, which interfaces the query execution engine 112.

In some implementations, the query optimizer 110 may optimize the query plan by compiling and generating code. Moreover, the query optimizer 110 may optimize the query plan to enable pipelining during execution.

Non-pipelined query execution can be regarded as organizing a query into a hierarchical plan of operators, recursively calling a first child operator (and potentially its child operators) of the root node until all results of the first child operator are determined and/or stored, recursively calling a second child operator (and potentially its child operators) of the root node until all results of the second child operator are determined and/or stored, and/or processing the results of both child operators based on the root node after the results are determined and/or stored.

In some aspects, pipelining can be regarded as organizing a query into a hierarchical plan of operators, identifying a plurality of paths within the hierarchical plan (e.g., where each path includes an endpoint operator that lies within another path and/or is shared between two paths), generating and pushing one or more chunks of data up a first path to accumulate results at the endpoint, and/or generating and pushing one or more chunks of data up a second path to generate output results based on the accumulated results from the first path. Additional paths can be present and/or additional generation of chunks can occur, depending upon the query (e.g., depending on how many paths are required to pipeline the operators). In some aspects, a chunk of data can be regarded as generated data that is responsive to an operator, but does not contain all of the data required for execution of the query or pipeline. However, in some implementations, depending upon the operator and/or portion of the database in question, a single “chunk” of data can contain all information responsive to a particular operator.

The use of pipelining can increase memory locality and/or reduce processing time/effort for database queries, as the number of memory accesses can be reduced. In some implementations, pipelining can take advantage or parallel processing systems and/or techniques. Additional processing and/or code generation can occur before or after the generation/selection of query execution pipelines, which can help to optimize processing resources and/or reduce query execution time.

In some implementations, the query optimizer 110 may be configured to select other execution engines. For example, the query optimizer 110 may select via interface 112C an execution engine configured specifically to support a row-store database or an ABAP type database, or the query optimizer 110 may select via interface 112D an execution engine configured specifically to support a column-store type database. In this way, the query optimizer 110 may select whether to use the universal database execution engine 150 or legacy (e.g., database-specific) execution engines (available via interfaces 112C/D, for example).

In some aspects, at least a portion of the precompiled operators 125 and/or code generated operators 127 can be generated and/or added to a query execution plane based upon one or more operator classes. An operator class can be regarded as a definition for an operator that can include one or more attributes of a corresponding operator, such as an identifier for the operator, an indication of what type of operator the operator is, whether the operator is public, what inputs are required for the operator, what output(s) are produced, how the output(s) are produced, where the inputs are located, whether or not the inputs exist before execution time, and/or the like. Although the precompiled operators 125 and code generated operators 127 are illustrated within the query execution engine 112, they can be utilized during query plan generation and/or optimization. For example, an operator class can define a precompiled operator 125, which is included in a query plan generated by the query optimizer 110 (or some portion thereof, such as the plan generator 118). The class definitions and/or the code for building the query plan can be defined based upon code, such as L programming language code of another type of code. Each operator/class utilized (e.g., accessed) by a query, can be analyzed to determine whether there may be any optimizations of the operators and/or the operators can be added to the query plan.

In some example embodiments, the query plan compiler 116 may generate a query plan by at least translating the query plan into corresponding code. For instance, the query plan compiler 116 may combine the existing code for the pre-compiled query operations 125 with the dynamically generated code for the code-generating query operations 127. The pre-compiled query operations 125 may operate on individual rows of data while the code-generating query operations 127 may operate on data chunks that include multiple rows of data (e.g., from a database table). As such, for one or more pre-compiled query operations that follow one or more code-generating query operations, the query plan compiler 116 may insert, between the code for the pre-compiled query operation and the code for the preceding code-generating operations, adapter code configured to decompose the data chunks output by the code-generating operations into one or more constituent rows of data that may be operated on by the pre-compiled query operation. Alternately and/or additionally, for one or more code-generating operations that follow one or more pre-compiled query operations, the query plan compiler 116 may insert, between the code for the code-generating query operations and the code for the preceding pre-compiled query operations, adapter code configured to recompose the rows of data output by the pre-compiled query operations into data chunks that can be operated on by the code-generating query operation.

In some example embodiments, the query plan compiler 116 may generate a query plan that includes both full table query operations and split table query operations. A full table query operation may operate on tables as a whole because performing the operation may include simultaneously loading, examining and/or altering all of the data in the table. By contrast, a split table query operation may operate on portions of a table individually because the performing the operation may include separately loading, examining, and/or altering data from individual portions of the table. According to some example embodiments, the query plan compiler 116 may replace a single split table query operation in the query plan with a plurality of parallel operations that each operates on a portion (e.g., partition and/or fragment) of the table. Moreover, because the full table operation may output a data chunk that corresponds to a table in its entirety, the query plan compiler 116 may insert a switch operation between a full table query operation and a subsequent split table query operation. The switch operation may be configured to distribute data from the data chunk output by the full table query operation to each of the parallel operations forming the split table query operation.

The query execution engine 112 may receive, from the plan generator 118, compiled code to enable execution of the optimized query plan, although the query execution engine may also receive code or other commands directly from a higher-level application or other device, such as user equipment 102A-N.

The query execution engine 112 may then forward, via an execution interface 112B, the code to a plan execution engine 120. The plan execution engine may then prepare the plan for execution, and this query plan may include pre-compiled code 125 and/or generated code 127. When the code for the query plan is ready for execution during runtime, the query execution engine 112 may step through the code performing some of the operations within the database execution engine 150 and sending some of the operations (or commands in support of an operation, such as a read, write, and/or the like) to the execution engine application programming interface (API) for execution at one or more of databases layers 190A-N.

Table 1 below depicts an example of a query execution plan including a (1) TableScan (Filter X=1) and a (2) Materialization (Columns A, B). In this example, the TableScan would result in one or more calls via the execution engine API 199 to one or more of databases 190A-B. Specifically, the TableScan operator at Table 1 would result in a call for a dictionary look up for a column “X” for the value ID of “1” and an indexvector scan with a valueid obtained from the dictionary look up, which results in a document ID list that identifies one or more rows in the table 1. Then for each document ID, a call is made via 199 to look up the value IDs for columns A and B. The value IDs may be used to look up dictionary values to materialize, the columns A and B including the actual data values for those columns.

TABLE 1 Operator Calls made on Database API 1) TableScan dictionary lookup column “X” for the value of ID of (Filter X = 1) “1” indexvector scan with a valueid from the lookup, which results in a document ID (docid) list that identifies one or more rows in table “1”. 2) Materialization For each docid, lookup value IDs (valueids) for (Columns A, B) columns A + B For the valueids, lookup dictionary value in dictionaries of A and B

In some implementations, the query execution engine 150 may, as noted, be configured to handle different types of databases and the corresponding persistent layers and/or tables therein. For example, the database 190N may be implemented as a row-oriented database, so that an insert is performed by adding a row with a corresponding row identifier, while another database 190A may be implemented as a column store database, which may use dictionaries and compressive techniques when inserting data into a table. In this example, the query execution engine 150 may perform execution related to handling the differences between these two types of databases. This may enable a reduction in processing at the database layer 190A-N. Moreover, the query execution engine 150 may perform other operations including rule-based operations, such as joins and projections, as well as filtering, group by, multidimensional analysis, and/or the like to reduce the processing burden on the database layer. In this way, the query execution engine 150 may execute these and other complex operations, while the database's persistence/storage layer 190A-N can perform simpler operations to reduce the processing burden at the database's persistence/storage layer 190A-N.

In some example embodiments, the query execution engine 150 may run, as noted above, just-in-time code 127 generated for some query operations, while pre-compiled code 125 may be run for other operations. Moreover, the query execution engine 150 may combine the generated code 127 with pre-compiled code 125 to further optimize execution of query related operations. In addition, the query execution engine 150 may provide for a plan execution framework that is able to handle data chunk(s), pipelining, and state management during query execution. Furthermore, the query execution engine 150 may provide the ability to access table storage via an abstract interface to a table adapter, which may reduce dependencies on specific types of storage/persistence layers (which may enable use with different types of storage/persistence layers).

In some example embodiments, the database execution engine 150 may be provided with at least one table adapter. In some example embodiments, the table adapter may generate an object, such as a table object, which can be stored in cache with other code, objects, and/or the like awaiting runtime execution of the query. In some example embodiments, and the table object can be opened, during query execution, to provide access to a table stored in the persistence layer of a database.

FIG. 2A depicts a system 200 including a table adapter 250, in accordance with some example embodiments. The system 200 is similar to system 100 in some respects but further depicts the table adapter 250, as well as the storage 260A-N and storage 262A-N. Although FIG. 2A depicts a single table adapter 250, in some example embodiments, there may be a plurality of table adapters. For example, each table at the database layer may have a corresponding table adapter that can be called by the database execution engine 150.

In some example embodiments, the table adapter 250 may be implemented separate from the database's 190A-N including the persistence or storage 260A-N and 262A-N. Moreover, the table adapter 250 may be implemented separate from the client layer, such as user equipment 102A-N.

In some example embodiments, the database execution engine 150 may access the table adapter 250 to prepare and return a table object, which when opened during runtime can provide access to a table stored at the database's persistent layer (e.g., at 190A or 260A-N).

In some example embodiments, a database table (also referred to herein as a table) may be partitioned among storage devices, such as storage 260A-C. To illustrate further, a database table may be partitioned so that a first column is stored in storage device 260A and other columns are stored in storage device 260B. In some implementations, the use of partitioning may improve performance including transaction times. In the case of database 190A being an in-memory database for example, the storage 260A-C may comprise DRAM, NVRAM, Static RAM, and other forms of non-volatile types of random access memory. The storage may also be coupled to other types of storage as well.

In some example embodiments, the database execution engine 150 may use the table adapter 250 to abstract out the details regarding the format of the table stored at a database or storage device, how to form the table, how to read or access the table from the database or storage device, how to write the table to the database or storage device, and/or the like. To illustrate by way of an example, the execution engine may require as an input a table T₁ in order to perform a join with another table T₂. In this example, table T₁ is stored at column-store database 190A for example, and table T₁ is partitioned among storage devices 260A and 260B, so that a first portion (e.g., one or more columns) of table T₁ is stored at storage device 260A while a second portion of table T₁ (e.g., one or more other columns) is stored at storage device 260B. Moreover, the first portion may be stored according to a dictionary to provide compression, while the second portion may not utilize the dictionary. The details regarding the table T₁ and the corresponding partitions may thus be stored in (or accessible by) the table adapter 250, rather than the database execution engine 150. In this way, the complexity associated with preparing database tables is abstracted out to the table adapter 250, which may improve the performance of the database execution engine. Thus, the table adapter 250 may generate a table object, which when opened during runtime execution of the query plan can provide access to a database persistent layer including a table of interest. The table object may be placed in cache along with other operators in the query plan awaiting execution. During runtime, the table object can be executed or opened, as noted, along with other objects, code, and/or the like to execute the query plan. In some implementations, the table object may correspond to the prepared table access 274A at FIG. 2C.

FIG. 2B depicts the table adapter 250 for the example described with respect to table T₁ and depicts table adapter 252 for the example described with respect to table T₂.

In some example embodiments, the table adapter 250/252 may each include, or have access to, metadata enabling access and/or preparation of a corresponding table (or a table object for a table). In some example embodiments, each table at the persistence/storage layer of a database may have a corresponding table adapter configured generate a table object, which when opened can access the corresponding table. To illustrate further, an algebra tree that the optimizer 110 provides to the plan generator 118 may contain two “Table scan” nodes, one for table T1 and one for T2. For each of those tables, the optimizer 110 may create a TableAdapter object, which internally stores metadata to reference the actual table (e.g., the table's name). The optimizer 110 may then store a pointer to the table adapter in the corresponding “Table scan” node. When processing a “table scan” node, the plan generator may thus just look at the pointer to determine the correct TableAdapter.

In some example embodiments, the table adapter 250/252 may each include one or more of the following types of metadata to enable access to, and/or, preparation of a table object for the execution engine: the physical location of a table (e.g., in a distributed storage landscape 260A-N and/or 262 A-N where a table physically resides); how the table is stored such as whether a table is stored row-wise or column-wise; whether certain columns of a table are dictionary encoded for compression (e.g., the actual data values of a column may be coded using a dictionary to provide compression); whether the dictionary is sorted; what in-memory representation of data types is used (e.g., an indication of how a NULL data type is represented or handled); and/or one or more query execution hints about execution strategies that may be beneficial for the table (e.g., for a given table whether a full indexvector scan or a single docid lookup is optimum).

To illustrate further the full index scan versus single lookup query hint example, the following is provided. A list (which may be sorted) of document identifiers (docids, representative of row identifiers) may be implemented. For each docid, a corresponding valueId may need to be obtained, and this valueID may be stored in an index vector. An optimum way to perform this may depend on how many lookups have to be performed and how the indexvector is compressed. If the indexvector is uncompressed (or very few docids exist) for example, it is likely optimum to take each docid on its own, look into the index vector, and get the valueid. However, if the indexvector is compressed for example, single values might not be easily accessible. The compression can make it necessary to unpack a whole block of the indexvector at a time and take the needed value from the unpacked result. Doing this including the unpacking for each single docid may take a considerable amount of time and resources (causing delays). In this case, it may be optimum to unpack/scan the whole vector from beginning to end and extract the requested values in the process. The optimum approach may be a hint (which may be provided by the query optimizer as part of optimizing the query plan).

The database execution engine 150 may have an operation requiring the join of table T₁ and table T₂. In this example, the execution engine 150 may call the table adapters 250 and 252 for the tables T₁ and T₂. The table adapter 250 may indicate that table T₁ has two partitions at database 190A and that the first portion of table T₁ is stored at storage device 260A and the second portion of table T₁ is stored at storage device 260B. Moreover, the table adapter 250 may also indicate that the first portion includes a dictionary which needs to be read to decompress (e.g., decode) the stored first portion, while the second portion does not implement a dictionary. The table adapter 252 may also indicate that table T₂ is partitioned as well among 3 storage devices 262A-C but does not use dictionaries. When a query plan is executed for the join of tables 1 and 2, the code 125/127 for the query plan may include query operators (which may comprise pre-compiled code and/or generated executable code). When the executable query operators have a step that requires a table such as table T₁, a table object (prepared by the table adapter 250) may be opened in order to access table T₁ (which when opened returns the prepared table T₁). In addition, when the executable query operators in cache have a step that requires table T₂, a table object (prepared by the table adapter 252) may be opened in order to access table T₂ (which when opened returns the prepared table T₂).

FIG. 2B shows an example of a query plan including executable operations 288A-C. During runtime of the query plan at FIG. 2B, when the table object 288A is opened, table object 288A accesses and prepares table T₁. This may include gathering table data from the two partitions 260A-B and using dictionaries as indicated by the metadata at the table adapter 250 for table T₁. And when table object 288B is opened, it accesses and prepares table T₂. This may further include gathering table data from three partitions 262A-C (while in this case dictionaries decoding is not used). For example, when the table object 288A (e.g., “PreparedTableAccess 274A at FIG. 2C) is opened, the table object 288A returns (after acquiring any necessary locks) a “TableAccessor” object 274B (FIG. 2C), which can then be used to perform the actual table access.

FIG. 2C depicts an example implementation of a table adapter such as table adapter 250, 252, and/or the like, in accordance with some example embodiments. When a table adapter 250 is called by for example database execution engine 150, the table adapter 250 may get (from metadata associated with table T₁ for example) the quantity of fragments (such as quantity of partitions across which table T₁ has been stored), physical storage location(s) for table A, and/or other metadata. Next, plan generator logic calls a method “prepare” on the TableAdapter object. 250 may call a method to prepare table access 274A, which prepares access to the fragment(s) or partition(s) where a table (or portion of the table) is stored (e.g., in the case of table T₁ in the example above, the access would be to partitions located at storage 260A-B). Prepare table access 274A returns to the execution engine 150 a prepared table object for table T₁, which can be stored with other code for a query plan awaiting execution by the query execution engine 112.

Referring again to the prepare table access 274A, it may open access to a table, such as table T1, and perform any storage specific actions before accessing the table (e.g., acquire locks, and/or the like). The prepare table access 274A returns a Table Accessor Object to the table adapter 250. The prepare table access 274A may open Table Accessor 274B, which may include methods to check whether a given partition or fragment is active and to call get fragment accessor 274C. Fragment accessor 274C may have one or more methods to get and return the number of rows in a given fragment, get and return row visibility information for the fragment, and/or get and return a column. The following provides an example execution of the query plan. Execution engine 112 may call “open” method of the PreparedTableAccess object stored in the executable plan. The PreparedTableAccess object may then perform any necessary locks and returns a TableAccessor object. The operations in the executable query plan can then use this TableAccess to check runtime properties of the table (e.g., which fragments or partitions of a table are active and thus should be read). To get at the actual data stored in the table fragments/partition, the operations may call “getFragmentAccessor” to return an accessor object for a specific fragment. On this accessor object, the partition or fragment-specific runtime data can be accessed (for example, get number of rows in the fragment, or check for multi-version concurrency control visibility of rows). In the case of column store for example, all access to the data itself may be performed made column-wise. As such, the operation may call a method “getReadInterface( )” on the FragmentAccessor to get an interface to read data from a specific column of this partition or fragment.

FIG. 3 depicts an example process 300 for using a table adapter, in accordance with some example embodiments.

At 310, a query may be received from an application. For example, database execution engine 150 may receive a query from an application at user equipment 102A. The database execution engine 150 may generate, at 320, a query plan as noted above, and the generation may include query optimization.

In some example embodiments, the database execution engine 150 may call, at 330, the table adapter 250, if the query plan has an operation that requires a table to be prepared. For example, during query plan generation, a call may be made to the table adapters 250/252 to prepare table objects 288A-B, which may be returned and placed in cache awaiting execution by query execution engine 112. The prepared table object(s) may be stored in cache along with other code and executable objects including pre-compiled operators 125 and/or code generated operators 127.

When the query execution engine 112 is ready to execute, the query execution engine executes, at 340, the pre-compiled operators 125 and/or code generated operators. When a table object such as 288A-B is encountered, the query execution engine 112 opens the table object, such as table object 288A, which then prepares, during runtime, access to the table stored in a database and thus provides the table's data.

In this way, the database execution engine 150 can perform complex operations including rule-based, while abstracting out the details regarding table access.

In some example embodiments, the database execution engine may receive a query from a client user equipment. In response, the database execution engine including the query optimizer may generate a query algebra for the query. The query algebra may be optimized by the query optimizer. Based on the optimized query algebra, a query plan may be generated for execution. The query plan may include pre-compiled code and code generated just-in-time in response to receipt of the query. The database execution engine including a query execution engine may execute at least a portion of the query plan including pre-compiled code and code generated just-in-time.

One or more aspects or features of the subject matter described herein can be realized in digital electronic circuitry, integrated circuitry, specially designed application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) computer hardware, firmware, software, and/or combinations thereof. These various aspects or features can include implementation in one or more computer programs that are executable and/or interpretable on a programmable system including at least one programmable processor, which can be special or general purpose, coupled to receive data and instructions from, and to transmit data and instructions to, a storage system, at least one input device, and at least one output device. The programmable system or computing system may include clients and servers. A client and server are generally remote from each other and typically interact through a communication network. The relationship of client and server arises by virtue of computer programs running on the respective computers and having a client-server relationship to each other.

These computer programs, which can also be referred to as programs, software, software applications, applications, components, or code, include machine instructions for a programmable processor, and can be implemented in a high-level procedural and/or object-oriented programming language, and/or in assembly/machine language. As used herein, the term “machine-readable medium” refers to any computer program product, apparatus and/or device, such as for example magnetic discs, optical disks, memory, and Programmable Logic Devices (PLDs), used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor, including a machine-readable medium that receives machine instructions as a machine-readable signal. The term “machine-readable signal” refers to any signal used to provide machine instructions and/or data to a programmable processor. The machine-readable medium can store such machine instructions non-transitorily, such as for example as would a non-transient solid-state memory or a magnetic hard drive or any equivalent storage medium. The machine-readable medium can alternatively or additionally store such machine instructions in a transient manner, such as for example as would a processor cache or other random access memory associated with one or more physical processor cores.

To provide for interaction with a user, one or more aspects or features of the subject matter described herein can be implemented on a computer having a display device, such as for example a cathode ray tube (CRT) or a liquid crystal display (LCD) or a light emitting diode (LED) monitor for displaying information to the user and a keyboard and a pointing device, such as for example a mouse or a trackball, by which the user may provide input to the computer. Other kinds of devices can be used to provide for interaction with a user as well. For example, feedback provided to the user can be any form of sensory feedback, such as for example visual feedback, auditory feedback, or tactile feedback; and input from the user may be received in any form, including, but not limited to, acoustic, speech, or tactile input. Other possible input devices include, but are not limited to, touch screens or other touch-sensitive devices such as single or multi-point resistive or capacitive trackpads, voice recognition hardware and software, optical scanners, optical pointers, digital image capture devices and associated interpretation software, and the like.

The subject matter described herein can be embodied in systems, apparatus, methods, and/or articles depending on the desired configuration. The implementations set forth in the foregoing description do not represent all implementations consistent with the subject matter described herein. Instead, they are merely some examples consistent with aspects related to the described subject matter. Although a few variations have been described in detail above, other modifications or additions are possible. In particular, further features and/or variations can be provided in addition to those set forth herein. For example, the implementations described above can be directed to various combinations and sub-combinations of the disclosed features and/or combinations and sub-combinations of several further features disclosed above. In addition, the logic flows depicted in the accompanying figures and/or described herein do not necessarily require the particular order shown, or sequential order, to achieve desirable results. Other implementations may be within the scope of the following claims.

The illustrated methods are exemplary only. Although the methods are illustrated as having a specific operational flow, two or more operations may be combined into a single operation, a single operation may be performed in two or more separate operations, one or more of the illustrated operations may not be present in various implementations, and/or additional operations which are not illustrated may be part of the methods. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system comprising: at least one data processor; and at least one memory storing instructions which, when executed by the at least one data processor, cause operations comprising: receiving, at a database execution engine, a query, the database execution engine interfacing a client device providing the query and interfacing a plurality of separate databases, each of which includes a first query optimizer and a first database storing a database table; generating, by the database execution engine, a query algebra for the query; optimizing, by a second query optimizer at the database execution engine, the query algebra; generating, based on the optimized query algebra, a query plan for execution, the query plan including pre-compiled code and code generated just-in-time, wherein the pre-compiled code is selected for inclusion in the query plan based on a class of an operator in the optimized query algebra; receiving, at the database execution engine and from a table adapter separate from the database execution engine, a table object generated by the table adapter, the table object providing access to the database table, the table object including a table metadata, the table metadata including a format of the database table, a physical location of the database table, and access information for accessing the database table; and executing, by the database execution engine, at least part of the query plan including the table object, the pre-compiled code, and the code generated just-in-time, wherein the table object provides runtime access to the database table.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the second query optimizer selects, as part of query optimization, the pre-compiled code from a plurality of pre-compiled code.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the code generated just-in-time is compiled in response to receiving the query, the code generated by a compiler at the database execution engine.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein the query algebra is organized into a hierarchical plan of operators identifying a plurality of paths within the hierarchical plan, the plurality of paths enabling pipelining of the executing.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein each path includes an endpoint operator that lies within another path and/or is shared between two paths.
 6. The system of claim 4 further comprising: pushing one or more chunks of data up a first path to accumulate results at an endpoint; and pushing one or more chunks of data up a second path to generate output results based on the accumulated results from the first path.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein the query optimizer inserts adapter code into the query plan, the adapter code configured to decompose data chunks.
 8. The system of claim 1, further comprising: calling, by the database execution engine, the table adapter to prepare the table object to enable access, during runtime, to the database table.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein the query is received from an application separate from the database execution engine.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the query plan is optimized by the database execution engine.
 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the database execution engine further comprises a query execution engine configured to execute at least part of the query plan including the pre-compiled code and the code generated just-in-time.
 12. A method comprising: receiving, at a database execution engine, a query, the database execution engine interfacing a client device providing the query and interfacing a plurality of separate databases, each of which includes a first query optimizer and a first database storing a database table; generating, by the database execution engine, a query algebra for the query; optimizing, by a second query optimizer at the database execution engine, the query algebra; generating, based on the optimized query algebra, a query plan for execution, the query plan including pre-compiled code and code generated just-in-time, wherein the pre-compiled code is selected for inclusion in the query plan based on a class of an operator in the optimized query algebra; receiving, at the database execution engine and from a table adapter separate from the database execution engine, a table object generated by the table adapter, the table object providing access to the database table, the table object including a table metadata, the table metadata including a format of the database table, a physical location of the database table, and access information for accessing the database table; and executing, by the database execution engine, at least part of the query plan including the table object, the pre-compiled code, and the code generated just-in-time, wherein the table object provides runtime access to the database table.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the second query optimizer selects, as part of query optimization, the pre-compiled code from a plurality of pre-compiled code.
 14. The method of claim 12, wherein the code generated just-in-time is compiled in response to receiving the query, the code generated by a compiler at the database execution engine.
 15. The method of claim 12, wherein the query algebra is organized into a hierarchical plan of operators identifying a plurality of paths within the hierarchical plan, the plurality of paths enabling pipelining of the executing.
 16. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium including program which when executed by at least one processor causes operations comprising: receiving, at a database execution engine, a query, the database execution engine interfacing a client device providing the query and interfacing a plurality of separate databases, each of which includes a first query optimizer and a first database storing a database table; generating, by the database execution engine, a query algebra for the query; optimizing, by a second query optimizer at the database execution engine, the query algebra; generating, based on the optimized query algebra, a query plan for execution, the query plan including pre-compiled code and code generated just-in-time, wherein the pre-compiled code is selected for inclusion in the query plan based on a class of an operator in the optimized query algebra; receiving, at the database execution engine and from a table adapter separate from the database execution engine, a table object generated by the table adapter, the table object providing access to the database table, the table object including a table metadata, the table metadata including a format of the database table, a physical location of the database table, and access information for accessing the database table; and executing, by the database execution engine, at least part of the query plan including the table object, the pre-compiled code, and the code generated just-in-time, wherein the table object provides runtime access to the database table.
 17. The non-transitory computer readable medium of claim 16, wherein the second query optimizer selects, as part of query optimization, the pre-compiled code from a plurality of pre-compiled code.
 18. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of databases includes at least one in-memory database system.
 19. The system of claim 1, wherein the plurality of databases includes at least one in-memory, column-store database system. 